home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Date: Sun, 16 May 1993 14:00:10 -0500
- From: tonyh@msc.cornell.edu (Tony Huang)
- Subject: [*] Review of eDisk and TimesTwo
-
- This is a review of the only two driver-level compression programs
- currently available. It also addresses a number of other compression
- related issues. I'll update this document when new information or new
- product in this category (such as Stacker for Macintosh) becomes available.
- I welcome any comment or suggestion, and espeicially your experience with
- these products.
-
- To the Moderators: please replace the file times-two.txt that I previous
- submitted with this one.
-
- Tony Huang
- tonyh@msc.cornell.edu
- Review of eDisk and TimesTwo
- ----------------------------
-
- A little more than six months ago, Golden Triangle introduced TimesTwo, the
- first driver-level compression program for the Mac. It remained the only
- product of its kind until now. After a two-month delay, Alysis is finally
- shipping eDisk (To be fair, TimesTwo was delayed for over three months
- after the initial announcement). Despite the distinction of being the only
- two driver-level compression programs currently on the market, the two
- programs are quite different in a number of respects. The following is a
- review of these two programs (Comparisons with other file-level compression
- programs are also made where appropriate).
-
- I. Driver-level Compression vs. File-level Compression
-
- File-level compression programs for the Mac have been around for a while.
- They compress (and decompress) data on a file-by-file basis. They basically
- fall into two categories. In the first category are programs like StuffIt
- and DiskDoubler. With these programs, the user has to decide which file
- (or files) to compress and initiate the action. In the second category are
- programs that compress and decompress files automatically in the
- background. Programs such as AutoDoubler, More Disk Space, SpaceSaver
- belong to this second category. To operate in the background, these
- programs typically require the installation of a control panel in your
- System folder (More Disk Space patches the System file directly by
- installing its own resources). Because of this requirement compatibility is
- a problem. There is always the potential of conflict with another INIT
- (also known as system Extension or Startup document) or control panel with
- INIT code, or with the way a particular application works. These conflicts
- may or may not be the fault of file-level compression but the potential is
- there and is unavoidable at the file level. Another problem with file-level
- compression is the lack of total transparency while moving files from disk
- to disk (especially across a network).
-
- Driver-level compression solves all these problems, theoretically. Since
- your hard disk (or any other rewritable SCSI drive) SCSI driver operates at
- the lower level than the Mac operating system, compatibility should not be
- an issue (except with those very few programs that also try to modify the
- SCSI driver or access the driver directly in an unusual way). For the same
- reason, driver-level compression is almost totally transparent to the user.
- One can move the files around from disk to disk or to another Mac on the
- network without any worry. A disk with data compression driver can be
- mounted on any Mac and its files accessed without any special program.
- There is a price to be paid, however, for all this simplicity and elegance.
- Since driver-level compressor compresses ALL data written to the disk (it
- cannot distinguish files, by definition), user cannot pick and choose what
- to compress and what not to. This problem can be solved (at least
- partially) if the driver-level compression program works with disk
- partitions.
-
- II. SCSI drivers and partitions
-
- Most (but not all) SCSI driver programs (also known as disk formatters)
- support disk partitioning. A disk can be divided into a number of
- partitions, each of which is then treated by the Mac as a separate volume.
- For reasons of efficiency, it is generally a good idea to partition a large
- disk into several smaller volumes. With driver-level compression, there is
- another reason for disk partitioning. As I mentioned earlier, with
- driver-level compression one does not have the choice of what not to
- compress. There are many files you probably do not want compressed. If you
- use Virtual Memory (VM) you definitely do NOT want to compress the VM swap
- file (which is invisible). Files that are already compressed by another
- program generally should not be compressed again. There is little to gain
- (in disk space -- some highly compressed files may even take more disk
- space if compressed again by another compressor that does not recognize
- compressed data) but much to lose (in access time, etc.). I also put System
- file and Finder in this category since many of their resources are already
- in compressed form, and these resources are accessed frequently. If the
- driver-level compression program works with disk partitions, you can
- install the compressor on some partitions and leave the others alone. I
- strongly recommend leaving the start-up partition (which contains the
- System folder) uncompressed if the driver-level compression program
- supports it.
-
- At the moment, only eDisk from Alysis works with disk partitions (the
- upcoming Stacker for Macintosh will also support disk partitions). Golden
- Triangle also promised that a future version of TimesTwo would support disk
- partitioning. TimesTwo is also unique in another respect: it replaces your
- existing SCSI driver with its own (which is not too surprising considering
- Golden Triangle also produces the disk formatter DiskMaker). Unlike
- TimesTwo, eDisk (as well as Stacker) modifies and attaches itself to the
- existing SCSI driver. I personally prefer the second approach since it
- gives the user the freedom to choose his or her own SCSI driver.
-
- III. Speed and Compression Ratio
-
- Besides the program's stability (and perhaps user friendliness), the most
- important factors in evaluating a compression program are its speed and
- compression ratio. TimesTwo uses an algorithm licensed from Stac
- Electronics (which will release its own driver-level compression program
- Stacker for Macintosh) and is reasonably fast. It performed as well as any
- file-level compression program. eDisk uses Alysis' own algorithm and is
- perhaps the fastest compression program thus far (Truly objective
- benchmarks are nearly impossible with the current crop of SCSI benchmarking
- programs, however. For example, FWB HDT BenchTest give my hard disk a
- higher index with eDisk than without it. Decompression is exceptionally
- fast. On a fast Mac (a Quadra or Centris, for example), applications on a
- compressed partition launch just as fast as on an uncompressed partition.
- Compression is also very fast (unlike its sister program More Disk Space),
- especially when the "Delayed Write" cache is enabled (more on this later).
-
- The amount of disk space you can save with either of these two programs, as
- with any other data compression program, depends the type of files you put
- on the disk. It is not easy to find out exactly how much a particular file
- (or a set of files) was compressed by due to the nature of driver-level
- compression. On a partition full of applications with very few documents
- (applications are generally not as compressible as most types of
- documents), eDisk did a very good job and resulted in a roughly 2:1
- compression ratio. TimesTwo and eDisk handle differently the amount of
- available disk space. Because of compression ratios vary for different
- types of files, TimesTwo uses an invisible file to "adjust" the amount of
- the space taken up by the files. For example, if a 1 MB file is compressed
- down to 0.6 MB the invisible file would grow by 0.1 MB (since the 1 MB file
- is "supposed" to occupy only 0.5 MB on a x2 disk).
-
- Instead of using an invisible file, eDisk calculates the amount of space
- dynamically so that the total "size" (amount in disk + amount available) of
- the disk (or partition) would fluctuate. This approach is obviously more
- elegant and more accurate. However, there is a bug in the current version.
- At one point during testing the reported total "size" of the eDisk
- (actually a partition) was less than the physical size of the partition!
- The problem turned out to be not serious and went away after I copied a
- small file onto the partition forcing eDisk to recalculate.
-
- Although both TimesTwo and eDisk achieve good compression ratio, eDisk
- enjoys a slight advantage here also, partly due to its unique background
- optimizing feature. Because files are stored differently, regular disk
- optimizers will not achieve the desired result on a compressed disk (even
- though they can be used). eDisk has its own built-in optimizing feature.
- During idle time eDisk optimizes the disk, and whenever possible, squeezes
- more space out of the disk. This feature can be turned off if you are the
- type that worries about excessive disk access (you should at least turn it
- on once in a while or use the repair function to run the optimizer in the
- foreground).
-
- IV. Installation and Setup
-
- Installation of either TimesTwo or eDisk is not difficult but time
- consuming. TimesTwo offers non-destructive installation but it only works
- under limited circumstances. For non-destructive installation to work, the
- disk must not have been partitioned since TimesTwo does not currently
- support disk partitioning. I have found with some SCSI drivers TimesTwo
- installer has trouble recognizing a non-partitioned disk as
- non-partitioned. As a result, the installer would insist on erasing all
- data on the disk (You are warned and allowed to back out the installation
- process, however). Non-destructive installation also does not work if the
- disk does not have sufficient space for the installer to work with. In any
- event, you are encouraged to backup your data before installation.
-
- eDisk installation is not non-destructive so you have to do a backup. On
- the positive side, only the partition you intend to install eDisk on is
- affected and the installation process is somewhat faster than TimesTwo's
- probably due to the fact that the installer does not have to move files
- around. Before the installer modifies your disk you have to choose an
- expansion factor (either 2, 3, or 4) for the disk. The expansion factor
- has no effect on how tightly data are compressed and is used only in
- available space calculation (see last section). To me, it is just an
- advertising gimmick. Once eDisk is installed you should change some of the
- eDisk settings (using the default settings is not recommended). First, you
- should disable the "Smart" eDisk feature (It does not work very well). Then
- set the compression speed to either fast (if your Mac is reasonably fast)
- or faster (if you have a slow Mac such as an SE or Classic). The most
- interesting feature is the "Delayed Write" cache. I recommend turning it on
- (I set aside 1 MB for the cache but you set it to any value between 64K to
- 10MB depending on how much RAM you have). It improves compression speed
- significantly. On the down side, if the system crashes you risk losing data
- still in the cache.
- The cache is flushed during idle time or when full.
-
- V. Driver-lever Compression and Removable Drives
-
- Because of the existence of numerous SCSI drivers and the lack of standard,
- auto-mounting of removable cartridges (or discs) is a challenge for a
- driver-level compression program. With removable media there is always the
- possibility of some cartridges (Here I use the term "cartridge" to mean any
- removable medium including MO disc) formatted with incompatible drivers. If
- you routinely use cartridges formatted with different drivers, the standard
- solution is to use SCSIProbe to manually mount the cartridge (driver
- loading) and close the driver on ejection (driver purging). SyQuest has
- been promoting this solution. However, very few SCSI drivers support this
- scheme at this time. As a result, auto-mounting INITs that are supplied
- with many SCSI formatters do not work with SCSIProbe. More specifically,
- these auto-mounting INITs will not reload the SCSI driver from a new
- cartridge if the old SCSI driver was purged, or they will use the old
- driver on the new cartridge if it was not (which will likely lead to a
- crash, at some point if not immediately, or the dreaded message saying
- "This is not a Macintosh disk. Do you want to initialize it").
-
- The problem is further complicated by driver-level compression. You may
- want to install drive-level compression program on some cartridges but not
- on others. Unfortunately, neither TimesTwo nor eDisk handles the problem
- very well. With TimesTwo, users of removable cartridge drive would have to
- give up on auto-mounting of cartridges and use SCSIProbe or similar utility
- to mount cartridges manually. The situation is not much better with eDisk.
- Alysis advises against using auto-mounting INIT. Instead, a "special"
- version of SCSIProbe is included with eDisk (As it turns out, there is
- nothing special about this "special" version. It is just the latest version
- 3.5 of SCSIProbe altered to display the Alysis logo). However, this
- combination does not work very well (at least for me). Worse yet, there is
- apparently a bug in eDisk. If you boot your Mac without any expanded
- cartridge in the removable drive and later want to mount an "expanded"
- cartridge (i.e., one with eDisk installed) with SCSIProbe, you will get an
- error message saying there is insufficient memory to load the driver (I am
- not sure at this point if this bug affects all SCSI drivers or just some of
- them). There is no problem mounting cartridges this way if you had any
- expanded cartridge in the drive when the Mac starts up. After some
- experimentation, I found there is an alternative provided that you
- formatted all your cartridges with the same SCSI formatter (and you do not
- routinely use cartridges formatted by other people). With this method you
- can continue to use your favorite auto-mounting INIT (most likely the one
- bundled with the SCSI formatter). Just power on (or restart) your Mac with
- an expanded cartridge in the drive (you have to do this regardless which
- method you use if you want to use an expanded cartridge during the
- session). Once the eDisk driver is loaded you can swap cartridges (whether
- expanded or not) without any problem (assuming all cartridge are prepared
- with the same SCSI formatter, of course) and the cartridges will
- auto-mount.
-
- VI. Compatibility Issues
-
- As I mentioned earlier, incompatibility is not a big issue with
- well-written driver-level compression programs. The only class of programs
- that are potentially incompatible are other driver-level programs. Many
- disk security programs (such as DiskLock) belong to this category. The
- password feature of many SCSI drivers may not work, either. You should
- still be able to use the password feature on an unexpanded disk or
- partition, however.
-
- Alysis also warned using Public Utilities or AutoDoubler (both from Fifth
- Generation Systems) with eDisk. Alysis has also admitted that they have not
- thoroughly tested these two programs. I did not test them either because I
- do not have Public Utilities and there is no reason to use AutoDoubler with
- eDisk. Nonetheless, I suspect this is just a continuing feud (which started
- with AutoDoubler and More Disk Space) between the two companies.
-
- VII. Summary
-
- Driver-level compression programs are maturing and they compete favorably
- with any file-level compression program. The following comparison chart
- should help you decide which program is best for you. (The rating is on a
- scale of 1 through 5: 1 = poor, 5 = excellent).
-
- +---------------+---------------+--------------+--------+-------------+
- | | Compatibility | Ease of use/ | Speed* | Compression |
- | | | Transparency | | ratio |
- +---------------+---------------+--------------+--------+-------------+
- |AutoDoubler | 3 | 3/2 | 3 | 4 |
- +---------------+---------------+--------------+--------+-------------+
- |eDisk | 4 | 4/5 | 5 | 4 |
- +---------------+---------------+--------------+--------+-------------+
- |More Disk Space| 2 | 2/2 | 4** | 3 |
- +---------------+---------------+--------------+--------+-------------+
- |SpaceSaver | 4 | 4/2 | 2 | 4 |
- +---------------+---------------+--------------+--------+-------------+
- |TimesTwo | 4 | 4/4 | 3 | 3 |
- +---------------+---------------+--------------+--------+-------------+
-
- * The numbers are weighted heavily in favor of decompression speed, since
- compression is usually performed in idle time and does not affect overall
- performance very much. This applies to all file-level compressors and eDisk
- with "Delayed Write" cache turned on. Only TimesTwo's overall performance
- is significantly affected by compression speed.
-
- ** More Disk Space has the slowest compression speed.
-
-
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Some Final Thoughts
-
- This document will be updated when new information or new product in this
- category (such as Stacker for Macintosh) becomes available. I welcome any
- comment or suggestion, and espeicially your experience with these products.
-
- Tony Huang Revision: 1.0
- tonyh@msc.cornell.edu Date: 5/14/93
-
-
-
-
-